What you will learn
You will need TEE to exclude a patent foramen ovale or an atrial septal defect (ASD) as a potential cause of paradox embolism. What is the difference between a PFO and an ASD? Which modalities can you use to detect a PFO? Is a contrast study always necessary and how do you perform a good contrast study? When is ASD closure necessary and what is the role of 3D echo? This and much more is part of this chapter.
Video lectures
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Atrial Shunts Part 1 - PFO Basics
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Atrial Shunts Part 2 - PFO Clinical Examples
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Atrial Shunts Part 3 - ASD
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